Based on the required topic Resources, write a reflection about worldview and respond to following:

1. In 250-300 words, explain the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism within health care.

2. In 250-300 words, explain what scientism is and describe two of the main arguments against it.

3. In 750-1,000 words, answer each of the worldview questions according to your own personal perspective and worldview:

a. What is ultimate reality?

b. What is the nature of the universe?

c. What is a human being?

d. What is knowledge?

e. What is your basis of ethics?

f. What is the purpose of your existence?

Remember to support your reflection with the topic Resources.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

Week one

Ethical and spiritual decision making in health care

Part 1: Explain the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism within health care

Christianity offers a religious perspective on the nature of ethics and spirituality. It contends that spirituality is the religious and theological prism that explains the notion of God in terms of who, what and how. God is perceived as the eternal and all-powerful being above everything and everyone. With the understanding of God as a concept, Christians have developed belief systems that are presented in the Bible. These belief systems explain the purpose of human life, and the truth as well as the meaning of life. With this awareness, humans can pursue and achieve a transcendent state for all life experiences. This means that even as humans make choices about life, spirituality ensures that they remaining grounded in following God’s guidance. In addition, it makes Christian more accepting of life since there is the acceptance that God guides all fate and anything that happens must have been permitted by God, whether good or bad. As such, spirituality takes on theological and symbolic functions (Igboin, 2015). Besides that, Christians view ethics as making a decision based on God’s instructions as presented in the Bible. They rely on spirituality to conform to God’s expectation without room for ambiguity. The Christian perspective of spirituality and ethics have implications for health care through guiding with decision-making by setting boundaries for accepting choices/options when making decisions. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments. They are particularly focused on lessening human suffering, augmenting wellbeing, and restoring life (Igboin, 2015).

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Postmodern relativism presents a more liberal understanding of spirituality, arguing that there is no absolute truth. It is ambiguous when arguing that God may or may not exist with either one of the options being a possibility. Similarly, with regards to ethics, postmodern relativism contents that contrasting ethical arguments could be valid or invalid with no absolute truth. The implication is that no single argument should be discarded simply because it is contradictory. The postmodern relativism perspective is particularly useful to health care since it supports multicultural care delivery through accepting diversity. With this awareness, medical personnel would acknowledge that they do not have a monopoly on the truth about spirituality and ethics, and that obscure cultures should not be ignored (Zavada, 2019).

Part 2: Explain what scientism is and describe two of the main arguments against it

Scientism contends that hard sciences are the only true source of absolute truths and genuine knowledge thus positioning them to offer superior scientific knowledge. It identifies hard sciences as the subjects relying on experimentation and laws of nature to include physics, biology and physics. The hard sciences rely on factual, replicable and testable data thus making their results reliable. Unlike hard sciences, soft sciences are considered as pseudosciences that present guesses and conjectures that are subject to change that may not be replicable thus making them inferior to hard science. The distinction between hard and soft sciences is based on the perceived value of the information they provide. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments. Hard sciences offer more valuable information since they rely on objective skepticism, experimentation, and falsification to offer explanatory principles. On the other hand, soft sciences rely on subjectivism thereby presenting opportunities for influences from human nature such that it is not uncommon to have contrasting ideas for the same principle (Moreland, 2018). In this respect, scientism identifies hard sciences as having greater intellectual authority over real knowledge when compared to soft sciences.

There are two main arguments offered against scientism. Firstly, hard sciences do not offer absolute truths and facts since they are restructured by the current understanding of the environment and measuring instruments. Things that were previously thought of as absolute truths in hard sciences are not subject to change as new information is presented. This means that information presented by both soft and hard sciences are subject to change over time. Secondly, hard sciences have adopted a tyrannical approach that is over-reliant on rationalism while disregarding personal opinion. These tyrannical approaches end up stifling willful thought that is important for discovering new information, and yet this is important for advancing science. Soft sciences have adopted a more accepting approach that allows for willful thought (Briggs, 2019). PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments.

Part 3.

(a) What is ultimate reality?

Ultimate reality is the belief that every individual is the product of interactions with the environment. I am the product of nurture, and my environment determines how I develop into a person. My family, neighborhood, community, city, state, government and other environmental factors have all influenced my development through determining my values, mannerism and thought processes. For instance, I would be more accepting of polygamy if I were a Muslim and less accepting if I were a Christian since the two religious principles differ on their perceptions of number of partners in a valid marriage. As such, ultimate reality looks at how experience affects reasons as well as decision-making and life perceptions.

(b) What is the nature of the universe?

The nature of the universe is that it is always experiencing change with the most basic change being time. The universe relies on energy to drive the change with the extent and direction of change relying on the prioritization processes determined by competition, extinction, evolution, and energy conversion. Competition involves struggle to acquire the scarce energy resources. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments. Extinction involves removal of components that are unable to compete either through direct competition or disaster events. Evolution involves adapting to environmental changes that allow for a better fit. Energy conversion involves changes between the different forms of energy that begins with solar energy being captured by plants.

(c) What is a human being?

A human being can be defined from two perspectives. The first definition is from the religious perspective that identifies God as the creator of human beings. The Christian story of creation advances that humans were created by God in his image with the intention of them to procreate and do his will that includes taking care of other creations and following the Ten Commandments. The second definition is from the biological perspective that identifies humans as products of evolution who have selectively adapted to develop higher thought processes that allows them to adapt the environment to their needs. The higher thought process has allowed humans to develop complex languages and vocabulary, technology and clothes that allow them to use the environment beyond their physical capabilities. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments.

(d) What is knowledge?

Knowledge refers to the unique sets of facts, information, and skills that an individual cognitively acquires through experience and education. Experience involves practice to familiarize with knowledge while education involves attending formal and informal processes to acquire theoretical knowledge. Knowledge allows individuals to have capacity thought processes. For instance, an individual knowledgeable in engineering is able to successfully manage a construction project while an individual knowledgeable in medicine is able to diagnose and treat ailments.

(e) What is your basis of ethics?

My perception of ethics is based on two concepts. The first concept is personal opinion, beliefs and awareness to determine moral right and wrong. This is based on what the environment has taught me. For instance, I personally believe that every person should do honest work to earn a living, and that stealing is wrong. Regardless of my environment and laws, I would find it difficult to steal. The second concept is public principles and beliefs. Although I may have personal beliefs, they may not necessarily match the public beliefs that are determined through public discussions and consensus. For instance, there are ethical principles on how to handle private information within the professional environment, and regardless of my personal beliefs, I am expected to follow the principles. The two concepts interact to determine how I handle ethical situations.

(f) What is the purpose of your existence?

I have two purposes for existing. My first purpose is to procreate and bring up future generations. This includes getting married, having children, working to earn money, and meeting the needs of my family. Also, it includes taking care of my environment so that my future generations do not suffer for my mistakes. My second purpose is to fulfil God’s will through observing religious principles such as observing the Ten Commandments, and acting in good conscious. I believe that I was created by God to serve, and I only have value for as long as I serve.  As such, my purpose is to procreate, present a better world for future generations, and fulfil God’s will.

References

Briggs, W. (2019). In opposition to scientism. Retrieved from https://wmbriggs.com/post/26885/

Igboin, B. (2015). Spirituality and medical practice: a Christian perspective. Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, 12(4). DOI: 10.20529/IJME.2015.054. Retrieved from http://ijme.in/articles/spirituality-and-medical-practice-a-christian-perspective/?galley=htmlPHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

Moreland, J. (2018). What is scientism? Retrieved from https://www.crossway.org/articles/what-is-scientism/

Zavada, J. (2019). Postmodernism definition. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/what-is-postmodernism-700692

 

PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

Grand Canyon University, PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care

Week one

Based on the required topic study materials, write a reflection about worldview and respond to following:

1. In 250-300 words, explain the Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism within health care. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments
2. In 250-300 words, explain what scientismis and describe two of the main arguments against it.
3. In 750-1,000 words, answer each of the worldview questions according to your own personal perspective and worldview:
   1. What is ultimate reality?
   2. What is the nature of the universe?
   3. What is a human being?
   4. What is knowledge?
   5. What is your basis of ethics?
   6. What is the purpose of your existence

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Remember to support your reflection with the topic study materials.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

RUBRIC

Due Date: 15-Mar-2020 at 11:59:59 PM

Maximum Points: 100.0

Personal Worldview Inventory

Shared by cultures, composed of assumptions, categories and values that provide a lens to view the world is what is known as “world view”. Due to diverse perspectives, every person’s way of viewing the world is unique. Any person’s world view is heavily influenced by spirituality. The concepts which had been yielded by scientism and postmodernism had always been hindered due to spiritual means followed by the patients and doctors in domains of healthcare.

 

Philosophical Concepts and Spirituality

The connection of a person to others and life is what many consider “Spirituality”. It is a connection between souls and spirits. Existing in various forms spirituality can decrease morality, increase coping skills and increase recovery at times.

Due to concepts of “postmodernism” and “scientism”, spirituality has been excluded from healthcare and nursing. “Scientism” is the mere concept that through science if one doesn’t obtain knowledge than it is not real. Similar to relativism is “postmodernism”. It rejects all claims of absolute knowledge, role of reason, and rationality in science (Taylor, 2014). Truth is in accordance to perception is what is stated by postmodernism.

Spiritualism has been subdued by these concepts because no room has been left for pluralism and the acceptance of diversity in beliefs. However “scientism” and “postmodernism” fail to capture the essence of human life because they lack ethical reasoning.

 

What is prime reality?

God is what “prime reality” is. Albeit the fact that human lives are changing, being made easier and life spans are increasing due to advancement in human technology, God is still the “Creator” and “Controller” of everything. Every life event takes place upon Gods consent, although people might credit the numerous resources and their fate for the blessings and curse they have in their life. The faith that every is in the hands of God is growing less common day by day as humans are advancing in science, arts and media. They think that they can bend life and fate the way they want to.

 

What is the nature of the world around you?

The perspective of an individual determines the nature of the world around us. Some people think they have a peaceful life, some think of it as chaotic while others refer to it as isolated. Everybody has the same world around them but what changes their thoughts and perspective are the life events and challenges they face. All of those situations whether negative or positive mold an individual’s perspective on the nature of the world around us.

 

What is a human being?

This questions has many possible answers. A human being is the creation of God, with Gods essence present in it. Though God is the creator of a human but human itself is the creator of many things. Ruling the earth by a weapon, its mind, a human being is the most powerful being on earth. By abusing the power of mind, many wars have been waged by humans. A human is unpredictable, they can go from being kind and gentle to the most cruel and ruthless being ever in existence. A human is a machine with a limited life span and ability to reproduce. It is a predator which dwells on power and an animal which does anything for its survival.

 

What happens to a person at death?

A person is transferred from one realm to another after death. They are not considered dead, only their soul leaves the body and goes to another world unknown to man. The person’s temporary voyage at earth ends and an eternal life starts to reap the fruit of good deeds and also a person is held accountable for their sins. (Echert, 2017). Material things are all left behind on earth, the only possession a person is allowed to take with him is his deeds which help pursue a peaceful eternal life. However, when a person departs from earth after death, loved ones, wealth everything else is left behind and the person moves on to another world. Death is inevitable, every person will die someday whether they want to or not.

 

Why is it possible to know anything at all?

Human beings are created to be a know it all. Their mind and their instincts keep them up to date on worldly affairs. By discovering Mother Nature and making advancements in science human beings are becoming superior than they ever were. Every possible technique that can be used to exploit and reap maximum benefits of Mother Nature has been unveiled (Ratanakul, 2008). God has made human a very curious creature, their purpose is to solve the mysteries of the world. Without curiosity and determination to learn new things, a human appears to be incomplete.

 

How do people know what is right or wrong?

On the basis of religion, rules, regulations and teachings imposed by it, a person discriminates right from wrong. For example, some religions forbid and declare it a sin to expose body, even the hair to any person, whereas some religions teach to embrace the body and exposing body isn’t considered a sin. Followers of one religion might criticize the followers of another religion because of conflicting beliefs and practices. In the same way, worshipping God is done in many different ways according to every religion. There might appear a lot of unethical ways to worship God but for the believers of that religion that practice is right because they are only doing which has been taught by their religion. (Hardy, 2006).

 

What is the meaning of human history?

The emergence of God, the creation of mankind and the evolution of mankind from dark ages to this whole new era is what is known as the “human history”. Human history is the record of human achievements and how each and every secret of the world has been unveiled so far. Humans have brought the world to a point where every other things is dependent on their mercy for its survival.

Conclusion

            “Worldview” varies according to every person. Everybody’s view is shaped by their beliefs and religion. Many believe in spirituality but others believe in postmodernism and scientism. There can be a world where all of these concepts can co-exist. In this world, God is the prime reality. He made humans and all of them have a different perspective and a lens to view the world they live in. Humans evolved from the dark ages to this new era where countless things are being unveiled every single moment. But all of this life has an end and that’s death. Every individual has a specific lifespan. All of it will come to an end and each person will be rewarded or punished according to the deeds they’ve done.

 

Bibliography:

Echert, J. (2017). What Happens to a Person After Death? Retrieved from: http://www.ewtn.com/v/experts/showmessage.asp?number=340085

 

Hardy, J. (2016). Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence.  Retrieved from: http://www.patheos.com/Library/Buddhism/Beliefs/Human-Nature-and-the-Purpose-of-Existence

 

Ratanakul, P. (2008). Health, Disease, and Healing: The Buddhist Contribution. Dharma World Magazine.  Retrieved from: http://www.rk-world.org/dharmaworld/dw_2008odhealth.aspx

 

Taylor M & Taylor R (2014). Is relativism and postmodernism same in seeking our God? Retrieved from: https://seekingourgod.wordpress.com/2014/08/18/is-relativism-and-postmodernism-the-same/

Week 2

Based on “Case Study: Fetal Abnormality” and other required topic study materials, write a 750-1,000-word reflection that answers the following questions:

1. What is the Christian view of the nature of human persons, and which theory of moral status is it compatible with? How is this related to the intrinsic human value and dignity?
2. Which theory or theories are being used by Jessica, Marco, Maria, and Dr. Wilson to determine the moral status of the fetus? What from the case study specifically leads you to believe that they hold the theory you selected?
3. How does the theory determine or influence each of their recommendations for action?
4. What theory do you agree with? Why? How would that theory determine or influence the recommendation for action?

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

RUBRIC

Attempt Start Date: 16-Mar-2020 at 12:00:00 AM

Due Date: 22-Mar-2020 at 11:59:59 PM

Maximum Points: 200.0

Week 3

This assignment will incorporate a common practical tool in helping clinicians begin to ethically analyze a case. Organizing the data in this way will help you apply the four principles of principlism.

Based on the “Case Study: Healing and Autonomy” and other required topic study materials, you will complete the “Applying the Four Principles: Case Study” document that includes the following:

Part 1: Chart 

This chart will formalize principlism and the four-boxes approach by organizing the data from the case study according to the relevant principles of biomedical ethics: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.

Part 2: Evaluation

This part includes questions, to be answered in a total of 500 words, that describe how principalism would be applied according to the Christian worldview.

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

 

AttachmentsPHI-413V-RS-T3ApplyingFourPrinciplesCaseStudy.docx

Attempt Start Date: 23-Mar-2020 at 12:00:00 AM

Due Date: 29-Mar-2020 at 11:59:59 PM

Maximum Points: 150.0

Week 4

The practice of health care providers at all levels brings you into contact with people from a variety of faiths. This calls for knowledge and understanding of a diversity of faith expressions; for the purpose of this course, the focus will be on the Christian worldview. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments.

Based on “Case Study: End of Life Decisions,” the Christian worldview, and the worldview questions presented in the required topic study materials you will complete an ethical analysis of George’s situation and his decision from the perspective of the Christian worldview.

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Provide a 1,500-2,000-word ethical analysis while answering the following questions:

1. How would George interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative, with an emphasis on the fallenness of the world?
2. How would George interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative, with an emphasis on the hope of resurrection? PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments
3. As George contemplates life with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), how would the Christian worldview inform his view about the value of his life as a person?
4. What sorts of values and considerations would the Christian worldview focus on in deliberating about whether or not George should opt for euthanasia?
5. Based on the values and considerations above, what options would be morally justified in the Christian worldview for George and why?
6. Based on your worldview, what decision would you make if you were in George’s situation?

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is required. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

RUBRIC

Attempt Start Date: 30-Mar-2020 at 12:00:00 AM

Due Date: 05-Apr-2020 at 11:59:59 PM

Maximum Points: 200.0

Course Code	Class Code	Assignment Title	Total Points
PHI-413V	PHI-413V-O503	Case Study on Death and Dying	200.0
Criteria	Percentage	Unsatisfactory (0.00%)	Less than Satisfactory (65.00%)	Satisfactory (75.00%)	Good (85.00%)	Excellent (100.00%)
Content	70.0%
Suffering and Fallenness of the World	12.0%	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the fallenness of the world is insufficient or not supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the fallenness of the world is unclear or vaguely supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the fallenness of the world is clear and supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the fallenness of the world is clear and skillfully supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the fallenness of the world is clear and demonstrates a deep understanding that is skillfully supported by topic study materials.
Suffering and the Hope of Resurrection	12.0%	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the hope of resurrection is insufficient or not supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the hope of resurrection is unclear or vaguely supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the hope of resurrection is clear and supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the hope of resurrection is clear and skillfully supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the man would interpret his suffering in light of the Christian narrative and the hope of resurrection is clear and demonstrates a deep understanding that is skillfully supported by topic study materials.
Value of Life	12.0%	Analysis of how the Christian worldview of the man might inform his view about the value of his life as a person with ALS is insufficient or not supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the Christian worldview of the man might inform his view about the value of his life as a person with ALS is unclear or vaguely supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the Christian worldview of the man might inform his view about the value of his life as a person with ALS is clear and supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the Christian worldview of the man might inform his view about the value of his life as a person with ALS is clear and skillfully supported by topic study materials.	Analysis of how the Christian worldview of the man might inform his view about the value of his life as a person with ALS is clear and demonstrates a deep understanding that is skillfully supported by topic study materials.
Euthanasia	12.0%	Evaluation of which values and considerations the Christian worldview focuses on when deliberating the option of euthanasia for the man is insufficient or not supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which values and considerations the Christian worldview focuses on when deliberating the option of euthanasia for the man is unclear or vaguely supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which values and considerations the Christian worldview focuses on when deliberating the option of euthanasia for the man is clear and supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which values and considerations the Christian worldview focuses on when deliberating the option of euthanasia for the man is clear and skillfully supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which values and considerations the Christian worldview focuses on when deliberating the option of euthanasia for the man is clear and demonstrates a deep understanding that is skillfully supported by topic study materials.
Morally Justified Options	12.0%	Evaluation of which options would be justified in the Christian worldview for the man is insufficient or not supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which options would be justified in the Christian worldview for the man is unclear or vaguely supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which options would be justified in the Christian worldview for the man is clear and supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which options would be justified in the Christian worldview for the man is clear and skillfully supported by topic study materials.	Evaluation of which options would be justified in the Christian worldview for the man is clear and demonstrates a deep understanding that is skillfully supported by topic study materials.
Personal Decision	10.0%	Reflection hypothesis of which personal choices would be made if faced with ALS based on personal worldview is insufficient.	Reflection hypothesis of which choices would be made if faced with ALS based on personal worldview is lacking a personal connection.	Reflection hypothesis of which personal choices would be made if faced with ALS based on personal worldview is clear.	Reflection hypothesis of which personal choices would be made if faced with ALS based on personal worldview is clear and thoughtful.	Reflection hypothesis of which personal choices would be make if faced with ALS based on personal worldview is clear, relevant, and insightful.
Organization, Effectiveness, and Format	30.0%
Thesis Development and Purpose	7.0%	Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing claim.	Thesis is insufficiently developed or vague. Purpose is not clear.	Thesis is apparent and appropriate to purpose.	Thesis is clear and forecasts the development of the paper. Thesis is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose.	Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
Argument Logic and Construction	8.0%	Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources.	Sufficient justification of claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility.	Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis.	Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative.	Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.
Mechanics of Writing  (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)	5.0%	Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of meaning. Inappropriate word choice or sentence construction is used.	Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register) or word choice are present. Sentence structure is correct but not varied.	Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but they are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct and varied sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are employed.	Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. The writer uses a variety of effective sentence structures and figures of speech.	Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
Paper Format  (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)	5.0%	Template is not used appropriately, or documentation format is rarely followed correctly.	Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent.	Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present.	Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style.	All format elements are correct.
Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)	5.0%	Sources are not documented.	Documentation of sources is inconsistent and/or incorrect, as appropriate to assignment and style, with numerous formatting errors.	Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, although some formatting errors may be present.	Sources are documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is mostly correct.	Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
Total Weightage	100%

Week 5

Benchmark – Patient’s Spiritual Needs: Case Analysis

PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

In addition to the topic study materials, use the chart you completed and questions you answered in the Topic 3 about “Case Study: Healing and Autonomy” as the basis for your responses in this assignment.

Answer the following questions about a patient’s spiritual needs in light of the Christian worldview.

1. In 200-250 words, respond to the following: Should the physician allow Mike to continue making decisions that seem to him to be irrational and harmful to James, or would that mean a disrespect of a patient’s autonomy? Explain your rationale.
2. In 400-500 words, respond to the following: How ought the Christian think about sickness and health? How should a Christian think about medical intervention? What should Mike as a Christian do? How should he reason about trusting God and treating James in relation to what is truly honoring the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence in James’s care?
3. In 200-250 words, respond to the following: How would a spiritual needs assessment help the physician assist Mike determine appropriate interventions for James and for his family or others involved in his care?

Remember to support your responses with the topic study materials.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

Benchmark Information

This benchmark assignment assesses the following programmatic competencies:

BS in Health Sciences 1.2; BS Nursing (RN to BSN ) 5.2

Assess for the spiritual needs and provide appropriate interventions for individuals, families, and groups.

RUBRIC

Attempt Start Date: 06-Apr-2020 at 12:00:00 AM

Due Date: 12-Apr-2020 at 11:59:59 PM

Maximum Points: 200.0

PHI-413V Ethical and Spiritual Decision Making in Health Care weekly assignments

Christians believe that spirituality and ethics are extrinsic to a person and immutable, as they come from God. Is there truth beyond science? (n.d.) highlights this reliance on knowledge that cannot be confirmed by humans as a characteristic that it shares with science. This purported existence of a singular set of ethical laws means that there is always one, and only one, correct decision in any situation. Moreover, the Christian acknowledgment of spirituality leads to attempts by medical practitioners to satisfy the spiritual needs of their patients as part of holistic care.

Postmodern relativism, on the other hand, asserts that ethics is a social construct that changes along with the people who created it. As Hughes (2012) claims, this approach rejects the existence of a universal right and wrong, such as those codified in Christian ethics, relegating the discipline to dealing with the subjective rather than objective. As such, in the context of medical care, it would see no reason to deal with spirituality in most cases. Relativism can also be used to justify behavior that would otherwise be seen as unethical, potentially even in extremes such as eugenics. Overall, postmodern relativism makes ethics in healthcare more convoluted and leaves them to the practitioner’s discretion.

Scientism and Arguments Against It

Scientism is the view that trustworthy knowledge can only be obtained through scientific inquiry and that all else should be dismissed. Its adherents tend to dismiss opinions and disciplines that are not based on observable reality, such as philosophy, metaphysics, or religion. With that said, the first significant failure of the view arises from this refusal to consider such matters, even if they may help expose some of its failings. As Hughes (2012) explains in great detail, prominent scientism advocates’ work is fraught with easily exposed fallacies when viewed from a philosophical stance. These faulty notions cannot be accepted as mainstream because of the potential dangers that they represent.

The second frequent criticism of scientism that will be reviewed in this paper is that of its issues when taken to the logical conclusion. Per Feser (2010), it has the problem of either denying itself or proving to be trivial and irrelevant. The first description arises when the underlying assumptions of scientism, which it takes as axioms and does not question, are considered. It cannot scientifically establish these ideas, as any attempt to do so would necessarily rely on them and thereby constitute circular reasoning. The second arises when it attempts to circumvent the problem by incorporating disciplines that aim to answer these underlying questions, such as philosophy. Such a process will have to continue indefinitely to address existing and new problems until scientism encompasses all inquiry and is, therefore, trivial.

Worldview Questions

My view of ultimate reality is a set of immutable principles that govern the universe (or multiverse) throughout all time. I think that humanity is massively distant from discovering what these laws are if it is at all possible for it to do so. Hence, the question of whether the laws are passive and inanimate or an active personal entity such as a God is irrelevant to me. Any answer one could currently give to this question would be mostly meaningless and only possibly have an effect on the person’s mental well-being in some cases. As such, I am willing to accept any explanation of ultimate reality that will measurably improve the lives of those around me.

My opinion on the nature of the universe is that it is ruled by a set of laws of physics that do not change with time. It is challenging for me to conceive of them being different, whether due to the influence of some external power or the existence of parallel universes where they are not the same. I have no answer to the question of the origins of our universe, as any response I may provide creates a chain of logic that leads to something appearing out of nothing.

A human being is defined by its genetics, with any individual that has a set of particular genetic characteristics such as (but not limited to) 46 chromosomes qualifying as human. Due to my lacking background in the discipline, I find myself unable to provide a more comprehensive list that will stand up to scrutiny. Through this definition, the status is provided to both conscious and unconscious people as well as fetuses and fertilized reproductive cells, among others, but possible sentient non humans are excluded. The ethical discussion regarding human rights using this definition is beyond the scope of this paper, but I am aware that it exists and is quite involved.

Knowledge is information that any human is aware of and perceives as true. Objective truthfulness cannot be ascribed to any of it due to the limitations of the human mind. However, when conflicting knowledge collides, some variations of it may take precedence over others. I prefer knowledge that can be confirmed through the scientific method, but I am also aware of its limitations as well as mine. I cannot check the validity of every piece of information that I learn without relying on other people unquestioningly. However, when I see a reason to challenge particular knowledge, I will do so because I believe that humans can approach objective truth through discussion.

My personal ethics are based on the idea of liberty, as expressed by Western liberal philosophers. I believe that a person is free to do anything that does not harm other people, which includes self-destructive behavior in principle. I recognize that it can cause others concern and potential declines in mental health, but the same could potentially be said of non-destructive behavior, as well, such as competition. As such, I only consider direct harm, as otherwise, no decision would be considered ethical. In dilemmas where people will be harmed regardless of the choice that one makes and no option decisively minimizes harm, the person should pick the choice that maximizes their well-being.

There is no purpose to my existence, as I think that it came to be due to chance. As such, any goals that I would achieve would be incidental or the result of my designs. My current target is to achieve a comfortable existence that lets me take care of my needs comprehensively and without much effort. From that position, I can consider my next target, which will probably also involve maximizing my subjective happiness. I expect that I will also set and achieve other, smaller goals as I progress through life, experience new things, and change my outlook. I am also open to changing my primary target over time, based on how my life progresses in the future.

References

Hughes, A. L. (2012). The folly of scientism. The New Atlantis, 37, 32-50.

Is there truth beyond science? (n.d.). The Veritas Forum. Web.

Feser, E. (2010). Blinded by scientism. Public Discourse.

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Christian perspective of the nature of spirituality and ethics in contrast to the perspective of postmodern relativism within health care

According to Christians, God does exist as the father, son, and Holy Spirit. He is supernatural existing in different forms, all of which are beyond human beings’ apprehension. He is the creator and sustainer of all that is present on earth. Despite the Christian perspective of holding science is the best way of obtaining information from the world. This holding of information is more of a relative idea that needs to be researched and the truth established. Christians believe that God is the giver of all we possess, including wisdom. In nursing, God’s love is reflected in a whole individual. Patients must not be treated as non-living objects; instead, they are to give a lot of respect since they are created in the image and willingness of God (Shelly and Miller, 2006)

Postmodern relativism, on the other, had suggested that truth does not exist. Its idea is that the fact is invented instead of being discovered. Relativism does imply that only personal purposes exist.

An example is an argument about what is morally right and wrong. An opinion that murder is inhuman is more of a subjective idea and needs to be picked as right or wrong. Postmodern relativism continues to state that human beings live not special more than those of other living organisms or even non-living ones ( Shelly and Miller, 2006). Nobody can find it easy working in the nursing profession, where there is limited truth, and murder might not be considered wrong.

 

2. Explain what scientism is and describe two of the main arguments against it?

Scientism is defined as a belief that everything can only be explained using science. Those who follow the idea believe, worship, and perform its rituals. People who believe in religion mostly seek information through traditions that have been passed in many generations; this differs from scientism, which does involve identifying the observables and variables. Scientism is fully built on the opinion that knowledge can only be acquired through science. This is the exact opposite of Christians and faith.

According to scientism, death is considered as the end of life, and there is no life after death. There is no belief a near-death experience does exist; they conclude that no scientific evidence on near-death experience and life after one is dead. Scientism considers human reason, and experimental methods are responsible for all the knowledge one possesses.

Major arguments against scientism are on the proposal that life exists after death and that there is a God who controls us. God is considered a supernatural being whose powers cannot be even with science. Science being more of what we can see and physically appreciate, it tends to move away from beliefs on supernatural powers. Scientism needs to understand all kinds of faith and beliefs, even though some matters can never be proven scientifically. On life after death, may reincarnation may be considered scientific. The reincarnation process is not yet transparent or proven, but it has got support from both Christians and some scientists. Not all can be scientifically proven; some must be accepted through faith. Again, religion should never limit one’s reasoning; they must be flexible to appreciate everything around them.

 

 

 

 

 

3.

a.)What is the ultimate reality?

In my perspective, ultimate reality is having a God, the creator of the world and everything in it. He gives us the freedom of living as we wish. In as much as we live as we wish, He asks us to pray and follow the commandments in the bible. In Deuteronomy chapter 30: 19- 20, God asks us to choose life so that we may live. In this verse, the heavens and the earth are like witnesses against our choice of either life or death, life-enabling our children to live freely. In general, there is a supernatural being controlling the universe. He might be beyond our understanding, making us unable to appreciate our presence without a strong faith.

b.)What is the nature of the universe?

The nature of the universe is greatly tied to the ultimate reality. God created the universe in six days before having a rest on the seventh day. Human beings were created and made disciples all over the world to pass God’s message to their children and grandchildren. The universe is an open one with a lot of activities being carried out, including miracles, divine intervention, and other angelic activities. The open nature of the universe has led to beliefs, which could never exist in a closed world. The world is made to accommodate all God’s creatures; it is made up of gases, water, and other living organisms. Oxygen gas, which is required by all living things, does exist in dissolved to sustain water creatures.

c.What is a human being?

Human beings, in my perspective, are the most evolved inhabitants of the earth. Just like other components of the ecosystem, human beings are a product of time and chance. The human brain can imagine, do creative activities, speak different languages, and reflect on themselves. The brain can perform such activities because of the evolution it has undergone over time. God created human beings to take care of other living organisms on earth since their IQ was better. Human beings disappointed God after eating the forbidden fruit, making them suffer.

d.What is your knowledge?

My belief about knowledge is taking information from a reliable source and set it aside in my memory for future use.  This information needs to be trustworthy and known to the

world.  However, you respond to a question that will either test your knowledge or add to it.

My belief about knowledge is taking information from a reliable source and set it aside in

my memory for future use.  This information needs to be trustworthy and known to the

world.  However, you respond to a question that will either test your knowledge or add to it.

In my perspective, knowledge is receiving information from reliable sources and storing it in the memory for future use. The stored data must be trustworthy and known throughout the world by most people. An individual’s response to questions can either test their knowledge or add more information to it. My understanding had considered being all the information we have ever gathered since birth, education, and experience are what push us in our daily lives. The level of expertise does vary based on one’s exposure and economic status.

e.What is your basis for ethics?

Ethics can be defined as moral values of whatever we learn from our guardians or parents; it is a guided way of limiting our decisions down from wrong and right. The world is always guided by ethics; this can be seen from activities like reporting those who are drink driving, sending home corrupt leaders, avoiding bribes, and avoiding cheating in examination. Ethics generally put some humanity in us. Without ethics, persons with mental disorders as the narcissist would run the world; Ethics like professional ethics help ensure equality at workplaces. Ethics are not only guidelines; they are like what society expects from us.

f.What is the purpose of your existence?

Everyone’s purpose for existence is to find out his or her reasons for creation. We are all created with different abilities and talents; they all serve to ensure completion of the purpose of production. We all exist to serve a purpose, which does include serving God and obeying His commandments. God created us to be disciples all over the world and add more followers by baptizing them in the name of Jesus Christ is the son. My purpose had to say is to improve the lives of the less fortunate and all around me. Everyone is required to identify their use and serve it fully.

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