Read at least 10 peer-reviewed articles in your general dissertation field that you have not read previously. I have attached the previously listed. provide the following for each source that you are
College of Doctoral Studies PSY-803 Literature Review Resources Number Article Information Added to RefWorks? (Y or N) Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation Reference Information Link Annotation
Read at least 10 peer-reviewed articles in your general dissertation field that you have not read previously. I have attached the previously listed. provide the following for each source that you are
Running Head: IMPACTS OF PARENTAL INCARCERATION ON YOUNG CHILDREN 0 Impacts of Parental Incarceration on Young Children Institution Affiliation Course Number and Name Assignment Due Date Article Information Added to RefWorks? (Y or N) Bibliographic Information Besemer, K., Dennison, S., Bijleveld, C., & Murray, J., (2019). Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children: Lessons from International Research | SpringerLink. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3_6 Link https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3_6 Annotation The above article offer analysis of the elevating availability of the data collections that help to examine the negative impacts of parental confinement for young ones living within distinct nations. This publication attempts to compare the global research outcomes on three young one results guessed to be influenced by parental confinement; a violation, drug abuse, plus mental disorder. However, it shows that when comparing the research results of distinct nations, it is important to focus on the impact of parental imprisonment on kids that are globally worthy to be generalized. Nevertheless, it indicates that with the present facts concerning this issue it is hard to extricate contradict the global distinctions within the parental confinement on young ones from distinctions within a selected sample or information gathered. Moreover, it indicates that the elevating diversity plus richness of global information sources helps to increase the target on parental incarceration in other methods. Also, it gives suggestions towards research guidelines that give knowledge regarding the issues of parental confinement plus how its effects influence close family individuals for those who are confined.   Bibliographic Information D. Lee, R., et al., (2013). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on the Physical and Mental Health of Young Adults. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3608482/ Link https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3608482/ Annotation This article shows that exposure to caregiver imprisonment during the development stages of kids is linked with health issues that affect most children globally. The outcomes of the study conducted by this authors show that relevant relationships were created atween parental incarceration plus most of the health problems that affected the victims include depression, anxiety, bad health issues, posttraumatic issues, including other mental problems. Further, because of the absence of secure, stable, plus good children up bring practices and involvement to parental conflicts, then these young ones end up suffering from these distinct disorders. Moreover, it is indicated that the suitable way of stopping this poor well-being when nurturing association, then it is good to approve the first identified relationships plus even determine if poor experiences such conflicts faced by children resolve the differences found between parental incarceration account plus young’s’ health issues. Again, these children face the issues of approaching the wanted health provisions before the imprisonment, during the confinement seasons, and after the imprisonment exercise. The article further outlines that the negative impacts associated with parental imprisonment most affect ladies plus their kids since many men are jailed due to their immoral actions.  Bibliographic Information D. Crutchfield, R.., & Gregory A., (2015). The Effects of Mass Incarceration on Communities of Color | Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://issues.org/the-effects-of-mass-incarceration-on-communities-of-color/ Link https://issues.org/the-effects-of-mass-incarceration-on-communities-of-color/ Annotation The authors of this article illustrate how the elimination of people who perform illegal actions would victimize many persons from society hence make them be recognized by society. Generally, eliminating an individual who has influenced the life of the others never clearly respects the asset of other persons and this is equivalent to dismissing a thorn from a very soft body. Again, a few of the modifications during the seasons of imprisonment that most disadvantaged persons of color get to the justice framework were carried with the assistance plus help of the African American politicians to ensure safety to the black persons plus people from brown society. Members from the black community would be victimized or hurt if they are confined in jails due to illegal actions. Their actions affected the lives of their children who saw them being hurt or engage in actions that threatened the lives of other people. Moreover, there was a challenge when trying to find solutions to these challenges associated with black people’s parental confinement in jail. For instance, many people dwelled in their homes with a lot of fear, and most crimes they performed brought neighborhood disabilities. Handling the problem was never simple because most parents who got back to society from jail carried with them drugs such as alcohol, and they suffered mental disorders that would disrupt the behavior of the kids.  Bibliographic Information Haskins, A., and Jacobsen, W., (2017). Understanding the Impact of Paternal Incarceration on Children’s Schooling | Scholars Strategy Network. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://scholars.org/contribution/understanding-impact-paternal-incarceration-childrens-schooling Link https://scholars.org/contribution/understanding-impact-paternal-incarceration-childrens-schooling Annotation This publication illustrates that parents perform a significant function to ensure the suitable living of their young ones, plus parental inclusion within basic learning mostly impacts young one’s well-being. For example, it boosts learner’s academic accomplishments, and lower the cases of learners level of drop out. Also, the author reflects that young ones encounter many problems such as health issues, growth difficulties, plus economic issues in distinct methods if their guardians spent most of their time confined in prison. Again, it indicates that when a region is occupied by a huge group of people who are incarcerated, then issues of inequality plus the elimination of some people do occur throughout the generation. Generally, this can entail unsnarling the exact links amid households, institutions, plus the criminal justice framework. Nevertheless, this issue is associated with many implications like when paternal imprisonment is liked with additional organization monitoring; it results in reduced amounts of parental inclusion for schooling kids. Furthermore, this lowers the kid’s educational achievement plus family capabilities to develop trust with learning institutions.  Bibliographic Information Johnson, E., & Easterling, B., (2012). Understanding Unique Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children: Challenges, Progress, and Recommendations – Johnson – 2012 – Journal of Marriage and Family – Wiley Online Library. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00957.x Link https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00957.x Annotation The author of this publication presents how the effects of parental confinement in jails result in economic plus psychological problems and social consequences to the victims. The issue in this article is known for causing many issues to young one’s growth stage, thus kids who their parents are imprisoned their behavior is usually different from that of the kids who their caregivers are never confined in jail because of illegal issues. generally, the publication over a clear outline of the problem, and offers a summary of how the society has struggled to overcome the issues, plus what should be done to avoid its existence in the future. It also gives an analysis of how the information was gather between 1980s to 1990s indicate an increase of parental imprisonment case within the United States. Nonetheless, it reflects that the greatest number of kids plus teenagers may suffer from the state of lacking their guardians because of correctional imprisonment. Moreover, the threat of encountering parental imprisonment is never and is fairly shared in all racial plus socioeconomic teams. To be able to get the real information concerning how the issue is affecting our society, then it is good to make a comparison of distinct teams or a single research team.  Bibliographic Information Lewis, J., (2019). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children | by smart justice | Smart Justice | Medium. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://medium.com/smart-justice/the-impact-of-parental-incarceration-on-children-5ef5785f83c9 Link https://medium.com/smart-justice/the-impact-of-parental-incarceration-on-children-5ef5785f83c9 Annotation The author Lewis state that most kids of the imprisoned caregivers are mostly overlooked or criticized. These kids are directly affected by their guardians’ imprisonment practice plus they encounter many challenges in their entire life. For example, it explains that within the United States, almost two million for each minor learner have a single caregiver imprisoned for illegal actions. Moreover, it reveals that the total number of the kids who their caregivers are confined in prisons is elevating thus making most of the kids develop without caregivers to care for them. Also, it indicates that parental imprisonment affects kids in distinct forms, for example, it can influence a child’s character plus physical well-being. Again, the learners who have their caregivers or parents imprisoned find it difficult to continue with their learning process. Generally, the author states that it is hard for minors to address issues associated with parental imprisonment hence social workers plus experts should help with coping techniques plus distinct materials that would be of great importance to their ensuring their good health.  Bibliographic Information Martin, E., (2017). Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children | National Institute of Justice. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/hidden-consequences-impact-incarceration-dependent-children Link  https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/hidden-consequences-impact-incarceration-dependent-children Annotation Martin the author of this publication explains that the family individuals of incarcerated persons are usually delegated as the hidden victims suffering from the illegal judgment framework and they are never acknowledged or offered room to listen. Moreover, it indicates that the non-recognized victims get minimal individual help plus them never gain any advantage from the procedural societal methods generally present to control crime suffers. Again, it lists that kids whom their guardians get engaged within the criminal justice framework, specifically encounter distinct issues plus challenges. For example, they may suffer from antisocial character, expulsion situation while in school, plus psychological stress effects. Some of the hidden issues faced by kids who their guardians are confined within prison include themselves growing to be incarcerated because of involvement in drug abuse practices that make them be put into prison. Nevertheless, there is the issue of restrictions of economic assets present for the backup of their kids. To some level, researches explain that the mother’s imprisonment is linked with many economic damages most if the male guardian never stayed with his children. Further, there are consequences associated with education accomplishment, psychological issues plus antisocial character amid victims of parental incarceration. Generally, parental imprisonment is termed a one amid the stressful condition affecting kids’ way of living when their guardians are jailed because of their immoral actions. Bibliographic Information Miller, K., (2006). (PDF) The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children: An Emerging Need for Effective Interventions. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226430580_The_Impact_of_Parental_Incarceration_on_Children_An_Emerging_Need_for_Effective_Interventions Link https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226430580_The_Impact_of_Parental_Incarceration_on_Children_An_Emerging_Need_for_Effective_Interventions Annotation The author of the above journal lists that the elevating number of young ones with imprisoned guardians led to one of the biggest at-risk group of individuals within the U.S. It illustrates that short-term plus long-term impacts of parental confinements in prison are hard to measure. Moreover, it presents that this team negatively offers feedback to main changes within household structures, plus it is prone to economic issues plus different interpersonal problems. Nevertheless, those who offer services are looking for suitable methods to handle the occurring problems associated with parental imprisonment. Furthermore, a few of the effects listed by the author concerning the parental confinement in prisons include increased poverty level, household drug misuse, plus disputes that are seen as relevant threat issue amid kids who their guardians are incarcerated. There is also the issue concerning parent to child association whereby the author claims that the absence of guardian-child association can lead to irreparable distortions to household associations. Also, the author lists some of the techniques to apply and cope up with the consequences of caregiver imprisonment. For example, their programs that focus on ensuring strong family relationships plus tackling kids’ mental health issues, plus applying social work activities plus researches to help to offer services that help the population handle this issue.   Bibliographic Information Morsy, L., and Rothstein, R., (2016). Mass incarceration and children’s outcomes: Criminal justice policy is education policy | Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.epi.org/publication/mass-incarceration-and-childrens-outcomes/ Link https://www.epi.org/publication/mass-incarceration-and-childrens-outcomes/ Annotation This article shows how most Africa American learners have most of their guardians imprisoned. For instance, for every four children, one should be having a parent who is confined in jail. It shows that the discriminatory imprisonment level of the Africa American guardians is a critical contributor to their young one’s reduced performance mostly in their learning institutions where the stress associate with the guardian’s imprisonment conditions is very high. Again, the issue of parental imprisonment results in a collection of cognitive plus non-cognitive results recognized to impact learner’s performance within institutions, plus it suggested that the criminal justice framework creates a critical factor in the racial accomplishment issue. Therefore, tutors in schools should offer minimal attention to the criminal justice issue to do away with this problem. Nevertheless, it indicates that when caregivers are imprisoned, then kids perform poorly in the entire cognitive plus non-cognitive result approaches. Additionally, it is said that there are racial plus social level problems that affect babies who are affected by this issue of parental imprisonment. Bibliographic Information Murray, J., Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (2014). Psychology, crime, and justice series. Effects of parental incarceration on children: Cross-national comparative studies. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14377-000 Link https://doi.org/10.1037/14377-000 Annotation The authors of this article show how psychologists have tried hard to show concern towards most psychological issues of parental incarcerations. It indicates that the consequences of jail confinement are usually experiences by distinct persons and not to those who are only within the jail walls. For instance, there are caregivers, children, or other household members who suffer when their loved ones are jailed. Furthermore, kids who their parents are confined to jail for some duration end up lacking their potential guardians plus assistants. These kids end up suffering from shameful issues plus ostracization, thus they should debate on challenging association with security officers plus prison officials due to illegal actions they never acted. However, the authors try to offer a distinctive presentation of the many systematic plus more complex analyses that show how the issue of parental imprisonment affects kids internationally. Generally, by comparing the behavior of most kids who their parents are imprisoned, it is easy to learn from their action or behaviors how they are mentally or psychologically affected by the issue.  11 Bibliographic Information Turney, K., and Goodsell, R., (2018). Effects of parental incarceration on children – Google Search. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1179185.pdf Link  https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1179185.pdf Annotation This publication gives a clear picture of how parental confinement in prisons affects kid’s state of living in their entire life duration. For instance, it reflects that children with physical disabilities or other health issues are the ones affected more if their guardians are arrested which result in elevated inequality amid them. The authors again document the extent of parental imprisonment and they concluded that it affects kid’s way of living through causing stigma due to the absence of guardians, trauma forms of disorders, and other illegal justice procedures. Moreover, for learners who face these distinct issues due to their parent’s confinement in jail their education, character, well-being, plus hardship can deprive also them. Additionally, the article illustrates some of the critical programs that the authors present that can help advance the health of kids who are affected by the imprisonment of their parents. For instance, some programs target on imprisoned mothers, although others target on handling bother guardians equally. These projects target on promoting guardian associations, elevating household economic status, plus treating guardian’s drug misuse.  12 Bibliographic Information Wakefield, S., and Wildeman, C., (2018). How Parental Incarceration Harms Children Policy_Full Brief Jan. 2018_0.pdf. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.ncfr.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/How%20Parental%20Incarceration%20Harms%20Children%20NCFR%20Policy_Full%20Brief_Jan.%202018_0.pdf  Link https://www.ncfr.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/How%20Parental%20Incarceration%20Harms%20Children%20NCFR%20Policy_Full%20Brief_Jan.%202018_0.pdf  Annotation The publishers of this journal illustrate how parental imprisonment affects kids plus the distinct measures that can help solve the issue. It identifies the various regulations that can be implemented to assist to reduce the level of parental confinement to stop the many problems facing kids. Moreover, it targets on illustrating how parental imprisonment is a usual issue, unfairly distributes, plus greatly affects the health of young ones. It concentrates on what leads to the huge imprisonment within the U.S. why studies show that it developed from many regulations that developed and it was never from a natural outcome of changes within the illegal issues. For African American kids, this problem is linked with problems such as hidden expenses of parental imprisonment that result in family instability plus elevates consequences to homeless babies thus rising level of dependency. Again, it burdens the households which have some victims who are imprisoned. There is a great effect more to kids who are imprisoned with their mothers. Generally, the chosen policies would be suitable to reduce the burden associated with these issues.  Annotated Bibliography Besemer, K., Dennison, S., Bijleveld, C., & Murray, J., (2019). Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children: Lessons from International Research | Springer Link. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-16707-3_6 The above article offer analysis of the elevating availability of the data collections that help to examine the negative impacts of parental confinement for young ones living within distinct nations. This publication attempts to compare the global research outcomes on three young one results guessed to be influenced by parental confinement; a violation, drug abuse, plus mental disorder. However, it shows that when comparing the research results of distinct nations, it is important to focus on the impact of parental imprisonment on kids that are globally worthy to be generalized. Nevertheless, it indicates that with the present facts concerning this issue it is hard to extricate contradict the global distinctions within the parental confinement on young ones from distinctions within a selected sample or information gathered. Moreover, it indicates that the elevating diversity plus richness of global information sources helps to increase the target on parental incarceration in other methods. Also, it gives suggestions towards research guidelines that give knowledge regarding the issues of parental confinement plus how its effects influence close family individuals for those who are confined.   D. Lee, R., et al., (2013). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on the Physical and Mental Health of Young Adults. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3608482/ This article shows that exposure to caregiver imprisonment during the development stages of kids is linked with health issues that affect most children globally. The outcomes of the study conducted by this authors show that relevant relationships were created atween parental incarceration plus most of the health problems that affected the victims include depression, anxiety, bad health issues, posttraumatic issues, including other mental problems. Further, because of the absence of secure, stable, plus good children up bring practices and involvement to parental conflicts, then these young ones end up suffering from these distinct disorders. Moreover, it is indicated that the suitable way of stopping this poor well-being when nurturing association, then it is good to approve the first identified relationships plus even determine if poor experiences such conflicts faced by children resolve the differences found between parental incarceration account plus young’s’ health issues. Again, these children face the issues of approaching the wanted health provisions before the imprisonment, during the confinement seasons, and after the imprisonment exercise. The article further outlines that the negative impacts associated with parental imprisonment most affect ladies plus their kids since many men are jailed due to their immoral actions.  D. Crutchfield, R.., & Gregory A., (2015). The Effects of Mass Incarceration on Communities of Color | Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://issues.org/the-effects-of-mass-incarceration-on-communities-of-color/ The authors of this article illustrate how the elimination of people who perform illegal actions would victimize many persons from society hence make them be recognized by society. Generally, eliminating an individual who has influenced the life of the others never clearly respects the asset of other persons and this is equivalent to dismissing a thorn from a very soft body. Again, a few of the modifications during the seasons of imprisonment that most disadvantaged persons of color get to the justice framework were carried with the assistance plus help of the African American politicians to ensure safety to the black persons plus people from brown society. Members from the black community would be victimized or hurt if they are confined in jails due to illegal actions. Their actions affected the lives of their children who saw them being hurt or engage in actions that threatened the lives of other people. Moreover, there was a challenge when trying to find solutions to these challenges associated with black people’s parental confinement in jail. For instance, many people dwelled in their homes with a lot of fear, and most crimes they performed brought neighborhood disabilities. Handling the problem was never simple because most parents who got back to society from jail carried with them drugs such as alcohol, and they suffered mental disorders that would disrupt the behavior of the kids.  Haskins, A., and Jacobsen, W., (2017). Understanding the Impact of Paternal Incarceration on Children’s Schooling | Scholars Strategy Network. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://scholars.org/contribution/understanding-impact-paternal-incarceration-childrens-schooling This publication illustrates that parents perform a significant function to ensure the suitable living of their young ones, plus parental inclusion within basic learning mostly impacts young one’s well-being. For example, it boosts learner’s academic accomplishments, and lower the cases of learners level of drop out. Also, the author reflects that young ones encounter many problems such as health issues, growth difficulties, plus economic issues in distinct methods if their guardians spent most of their time confined in prison. Again, it indicates that when a region is occupied by a huge group of people who are incarcerated, then issues of inequality plus the elimination of some people do occur throughout the generation. Generally, this can entail unsnarling the exact links amid households, institutions, plus the criminal justice framework. Nevertheless, this issue is associated with many implications like when paternal imprisonment is liked with additional organization monitoring; it results in reduced amounts of parental inclusion for schooling kids. Furthermore, this lowers the kid’s educational achievement plus family capabilities to develop trust with learning institutions.  Johnson, E., & Easterling, B., (2012). Understanding Unique Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children: Challenges, Progress, and Recommendations – Johnson – 2012 – Journal of Marriage and Family – Wiley Online Library. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00957.x The author of this publication presents how the effects of parental confinement in jails result in economic plus psychological problems and social consequences to the victims. The issue in this article is known for causing many issues to young one’s growth stage, thus kids who their parents are imprisoned their behavior is usually different from that of the kids who their caregivers are never confined in jail because of illegal issues. generally, the publication over a clear outline of the problem, and offers a summary of how the society has struggled to overcome the issues, plus what should be done to avoid its existence in the future. It also gives an analysis of how the information was gather between 1980s to 1990s indicate an increase of parental imprisonment case within the United States. Nonetheless, it reflects that the greatest number of kids plus teenagers may suffer from the state of lacking their guardians because of correctional imprisonment. Moreover, the threat of encountering parental imprisonment is never and is fairly shared in all racial plus socioeconomic teams. To be able to get the real information concerning how the issue is affecting our society, then it is good to make a comparison of distinct teams or a single research team.  Lewis, J., (2019). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children | by smart justice | Smart Justice | Medium. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://medium.com/smart-justice/the-impact-of-parental-incarceration-on-children-5ef5785f83c9 The author Lewis state that most kids of the imprisoned caregivers are mostly overlooked or criticized. These kids are directly affected by their guardians’ imprisonment practice plus they encounter many challenges in their entire life. For example, it explains that within the United States, almost two million for each minor learner have a single caregiver imprisoned for illegal actions. Moreover, it reveals that the total number of the kids who their caregivers are confined in prisons is elevating thus making most of the kids develop without caregivers to care for them. Also, it indicates that parental imprisonment affects kids in distinct forms, for example, it can influence a child’s character plus physical well-being. Again, the learners who have their caregivers or parents imprisoned find it difficult to continue with their learning process. Generally, the author states that it is hard for minors to address issues associated with parental imprisonment hence social workers plus experts should help with coping techniques plus distinct materials that would be of great importance to their ensuring their good health.  Martin, E., (2017). Hidden Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on Dependent Children | National Institute of Justice. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/hidden-consequences-impact-incarceration-dependent-children Martin the author of this publication explains that the family individuals of incarcerated persons are usually delegated as the hidden victims suffering from the illegal judgment framework and they are never acknowledged or offered room to listen. Moreover, it indicates that the non-recognized victims get minimal individual help plus them never gain any advantage from the procedural societal methods generally present to control crime suffers. Again, it lists that kids whom their guardians get engaged within the criminal justice framework, specifically encounter distinct issues plus challenges. For example, they may suffer from antisocial character, expulsion situation while in school, plus psychological stress effects. Some of the hidden issues faced by kids who their guardians are confined within prison include themselves growing to be incarcerated because of involvement in drug abuse practices that make them be put into prison. Nevertheless, there is the issue of restrictions of economic assets present for the backup of their kids. To some level, researches explain that the mother’s imprisonment is linked with many economic damages most if the male guardian never stayed with his children. Further, there are consequences associated with education accomplishment, psychological issues plus antisocial character amid victims of parental incarceration. Generally, parental imprisonment is termed a one amid the stressful condition affecting kids’ way of living when their guardians are jailed because of their immoral actions. Miller, K., (2006). (PDF) The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children: An Emerging Need for Effective Interventions. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226430580_The_Impact_of_Parental_Incarceration_on_Children_An_Emerging_Need_for_Effective_Interventions The author of the above journal lists that the elevating number of young ones with imprisoned guardians led to one of the biggest at-risk group of individuals within the U.S. It illustrates that short-term plus long-term impacts of parental confinements in prison are hard to measure. Moreover, it presents that this team negatively offers feedback to main changes within household structures, plus it is prone to economic issues plus different interpersonal problems. Nevertheless, those who offer services are looking for suitable methods to handle the occurring problems associated with parental imprisonment. Furthermore, a few of the effects listed by the author concerning the parental confinement in prisons include increased poverty level, household drug misuse, plus disputes that are seen as relevant threat issue amid kids who their guardians are incarcerated. There is also the issue concerning parent to child association whereby the author claims that the absence of guardian-child association can lead to irreparable distortions to household associations. Also, the author lists some of the techniques to apply and cope up with the consequences of caregiver imprisonment. For example, their programs that focus on ensuring strong family relationships plus tackling kids’ mental health issues, plus applying social work activities plus researches to help to offer services that help the population handle this issue.   Morsy, L., and Rothstein, R., (2016). Mass incarceration and children’s outcomes: Criminal justice policy is education policy | Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.epi.org/publication/mass-incarceration-and-childrens-outcomes/ This article shows how most Africa American learners have most of their guardians imprisoned. For instance, for every four children, one should be having a parent who is confined in jail. It shows that the discriminatory imprisonment level of the Africa American guardians is a critical contributor to their young one’s reduced performance mostly in their learning institutions where the stress associate with the guardian’s imprisonment conditions is very high. Again, the issue of parental imprisonment results in a collection of cognitive plus non-cognitive results recognized to impact learner’s performance within institutions, plus it suggested that the criminal justice framework creates a critical factor in the racial accomplishment issue. Therefore, tutors in schools should offer minimal attention to the criminal justice issue to do away with this problem. Nevertheless, it indicates that when caregivers are imprisoned, then kids perform poorly in the entire cognitive plus non-cognitive result approaches. Additionally, it is said that there are racial plus social level problems that affect babies who are affected by this issue of parental imprisonment. Murray, J., Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., Farrington, D. P., & Loeber, R. (2014). Psychology, crime, and justice series. Effects of parental incarceration on children: Cross-national comparative studies. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14377-000 The authors of this article show how psychologists have tried hard to show concern towards most psychological issues of parental incarcerations. It indicates that the consequences of jail confinement are usually experiences by distinct persons and not to those who are only within the jail walls. For instance, there are caregivers, children, or other household members who suffer when their loved ones are jailed. Furthermore, kids who their parents are confined to jail for some duration end up lacking their potential guardians plus assistants. These kids end up suffering from shameful issues plus ostracization, thus they should debate on challenging association with security officers plus prison officials due to illegal actions they never acted. However, the authors try to offer a distinctive presentation of the many systematic plus more complex analyses that show how the issue of parental imprisonment affects kids internationally. Generally, by comparing the behavior of most kids who their parents are imprisoned, it is easy to learn from their action or behaviors how they are mentally or psychologically affected by the issue.  Turney, K., and Goodsell, R., (2018). Effects of parental incarceration on children – Google Search. Retrieved October 20, 2020, from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1179185.pdf This publication gives a clear picture of how parental confinement in prisons affects kid’s state of living in their entire life duration. For instance, it reflects that children with physical disabilities or other health issues are the ones affected more if their guardians are arrested which result in elevated inequality amid them. The authors again document the extent of parental imprisonment and they concluded that it affects kid’s way of living through causing stigma due to the absence of guardians, trauma forms of disorders, and other illegal justice procedures. Moreover, for learners who face these distinct issues due to their parent’s confinement in jail their education, character, well-being, plus hardship can deprive also them. Additionally, the article illustrates some of the critical programs that the authors present that can help advance the health of kids who are affected by the imprisonment of their parents. For instance, some programs target on imprisoned mothers, although others target on handling bother guardians equally. These projects target on promoting guardian associations, elevating household economic status, plus treating guardian’s drug misuse.  Wakefield, S., and Wildeman, C., (2018). How Parental Incarceration Harms Children Policy_Full Brief Jan. 2018_0.pdf. Retrieved October 22, 2020, from https://www.ncfr.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/How%20Parental%20Incarceration%20Harms%20Children%20NCFR%20Policy_Full%20Brief_Jan.%202018_0.pdf  The publishers of this journal illustrate how parental imprisonment affects kids plus the distinct measures that can help solve the issue. It identifies the various regulations that can be implemented to assist to reduce the level of parental confinement to stop the many problems facing kids. Moreover, it targets on illustrating how parental imprisonment is a usual issue, unfairly distributes, plus greatly affects the health of young ones. It concentrates on what leads to the huge imprisonment within the U.S. why studies show that it developed from many regulations that developed and it was never from a natural outcome of changes within the illegal issues. For African American kids, this problem is linked with problems such as hidden expenses of parental imprisonment that result in family instability plus elevates consequences to homeless babies thus rising level of dependency. Again, it burdens the households which have some victims who are imprisoned. There is a great effect more to kids who are imprisoned with their mothers. Generally, the chosen policies would be suitable to reduce the burden associated with these issues.