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K EY Q UESTIONS T O A SK O F A NY S OCIAL S CIENCE R ESEARCH Some key questions are listed below. You need not consider all of the questions in your evaluation of a piece of social scie nce research (some are more applicable to qualitative research and others to quantitative). The list is not exhaustive, so feel free to consider other relevant evaluative questions using y our textbook (including additional chapters we did not read for class) and the online resources on the course webpage. WHY WAS THE STUDY CONDUCTED? What is the general issue that it addresses? How did the author(s) come to the propositions that they tes t /develop and the data that they analyze? What is the research question? What were the major hypotheses? Was the presentation of evidence unbiased and compell ing ? HOW ADEQUATE ARE THE DEFINITIONS OF MAJOR CONCEPTS? Are the key concepts in the argument clearly defined? Are there ambiguities or inconsistencies in the definitions? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN RESEARCH QUESTION AND RESEARCH DESIGN? Why is this particular approach justified (or not) given the research question, type of research, and the conclusion s the author(s) are drawing from their study? Does the method seem to “ fit ” the question? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THEORY AND DATA? Are the theoretical propositions clearly stated so that concepts, units of analysis and hypotheses can be stated clearly and easily? Is the connection between the data collected and the t heory developed or tested clear? Is the presentation o f hypotheses logical and consistent in light of available research and the propositions under consideration? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE MEASUREMENT? Are concepts adequately operationalized? What evidence of validity is presented? How might the variables be invali d measures of the concepts under discussion? What evidence is presented on reliability? How might the measured variables be unreliable? What is observed? Is the process of observation clearly an d concretely described? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE SELECTION OF OBSERVATIONS FOR THE STUDY? Does the sample adequately represent the population that th e authors claim to be interested in? Or are they biased in some manner such that evidence supporting hypotheses could be exaggerated (or understated)? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE SEARCH FOR EVIDENCE? Are the controls appropriate? Do the authors bury evidence pertinent (supportive or antagonistic) to the hypothesis being tested? (HINT: Check footnotes carefully.) In quantitative research, are the authors effectiv e in holding constant relevant confounding variables? For qualitative research, how effective was the search for unusual or contradictory cases? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE VERIFICATION? What hypotheses are supported? How strong is the evidence in support of the a ccepted hypotheses? Have hypotheses implied by the proposition under test not been subjected to empirical tests — even though they could have been verified with the available data? If the research is qualitative and exploratory, how do the author(s) align observations and theoretical development? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE FALSIFICATION? What hypotheses are rejected? Is the evidence against rejected hypotheses as strong as that supporting accepted hypotheses? Is it strong enough to justify rejection? Have hypothe ses implied by the proposition under test not been subjected to empirical tests — even though they could have been falsified by the available data? HOW ADEQUATE IS THE STUDY AS A WHOLE? Not every element in a research argument will be as solid as every ot her element. Some are much stronger than others. To what extent are the most central elements in the research argument well – presented and supported with evidence?