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strength and Weakness Associated with Material on Technology and Crime Various methods of crime prevention have been used to deal with the issue of criminality. In order to better understand how to avoid committing crime, it is important to look at both the causes and the effects. Many factors must be taken into account in addition to the usual and obvious consideration of suspects or offenders. According the United Nations, crime prevention refers to measures and strategies that aim at reducing the risk of occurrence of crime, and their potential harm on individuals and society by influencing their multiple causes. This therefore means that crime prevention comprises of all the actions that are taken to ensure that crime does not happen. It is therefore not uncommon to use the word “crime prevention” as a blanket term to describe a wide range of programs and efforts, but this paper is particularly interested in the application of cutting-edge technology in both criminal justice and noncriminal justice settings. The paper therefore seeks to discuss the strength and weakness associated with material technology on crime and criminal justice. Innovations in crime prevention and criminal justice can be understood into two general categories. These are soft technologies (software and information or communication systems) and hard technologies (materials or hardware). A broad variety of new soft technology breakthroughs have been created in recent years and deployed as crime prevention tools. Examples of these technologies include the latest generation of offender risk classification tools, threat assessment protocols, bullying identification tools and software programs to prevent identity theft and protect data privacy. In crime prevention, soft technologies used include risk and threat assessment tools such as video streaming and recording on police vehicles, predictive policing technologies. In this category, there are many technologies that include crime analysis techniques among other information and communication technologies (Byrne & Marx, 2011). Hard or material technology include new equipment and devices that can be used either to commit crime or in crime prevention. Examples of material technologies include computer hardware, CCTV cameras, screening devices at airports, metal detectors in schools and other public spaces, bulletproof windows in banking halls as well as other security systems that are installed in our homes and businesses. In respect to crime prevention, other material technologies include personal protection systems such as emergency call mechanisms and car ignition interlock systems (with alcohol sensors). On the side of the police, material technologies include computer installations, innovations in new weapons, better and non-lethal force devices, high-tech and hands free patrol vehicles, mobile data centers, use of biometrics as well as improved police protection gears.  Strength of Technology on Crime There are many strengths associated with technology in crime prevention. Some of these include the following; Reducing or preventing property and violent crimes. Among the most useful technologies in this area include crime-mapping technologies, Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) and improved (street) lighting. These technologies help in apprehending criminals. They also increase public safety and act as crime deterrents thereby making crime prevention and justice agencies direct the resources elsewhere (where needed most). Drone technology is also a cheaper alternative to the use of helicopters and preventing crimes. Contributes to better law enforcement. Improved mobile (phone) technology, more and efficient access to and relaying of information, social media and other technologies ensure that there is increased communication between the public and the law enforcement agencies. The police also turn to social media to look for vital information on criminality. This is because criminals usually leave clues of their activities on social media.  Sharing of information among independent policing agencies is also crucial. This is made possible by improved communication technologies. Improved weapons ensure that law enforcement agencies perform their work better. Helps in performing crime and crime scene analysis. Added to solid investigative activities, technologies such as computers, computer software, video and recording systems, cameras and other digital and physical technologies help in crime and crime scene analysis. In addition to this, policing agencies result to use of digital media to apprehend cyber bullies.  Both soft and material technologies provide a strong basis upon which the society and policing agents deal with crimes and criminals. They work hard in hand to combat and prevent crime. For example, the police are using computers and computer software to perform predictive crime behavior analysis, artificial intelligence, machine learning and big data to deal with crimes and criminals. Weaknesses of Technology on Crime Technology comes with both strengths and weaknesses. There are several weaknesses associated with technology in crime. These include the following; New forms of crime. Notable in this weakness is the introduction of new crimes that come with technology. Criminal activities such as cyber-bulling and other forms of online crimes are brought about by computer and digital innovations such as the internet, social media and other online platforms. In addition to the “usual” crimes such as shoplifting, theft, homicide and domestic violence, the society and policing agencies have to deal with cyber-bullying, identity theft, scams and other online crimes. More technology means more distractions. This is especially so when it comes to the police. Installation of computers and laptops with in-put dispatch systems on patrol cars means that an officer can be easily distracted. When driving, a call may come through putting the officer and other road users at risk. Privacy issues. Technology has a lot of benefits but also has a lot of downsides. The most important technology to consider here is the wearing of body cameras. In some States, police are required by law to wear body-cams at all times. This may intrude on the officer’s privacy. Police officers are also humans and perform private activities such going for lunch, talking to spouses, girlfriend and boyfriends, going to the bathroom among others. Wearing a body-cam that captures all these events is highly intruding. Additionally, some members of the public are not comfortable when being recorded. As new innovations arise and technologies improve, there is a lot of impact in the crime and criminality issues. New innovations such as new weapons and drone systems help in fighting crime efficiently. However, new technologies such as the computers, internet, social media and other online platforms provide a new avenue for new crimes, crime planning and execution.QuestionsWhen lawbreakers use computers, what benefits does this have from an investigative standpoint?What are the impacts that social media is creating based on the rape culture in society?In what ways can unmanned drones help law enforcement fight crime? (crowd monitoring, surveillance, high-speed chases, bomb inspection etc.)     References Adams, I., & Mastracci, S. (2019). Police body-worn cameras: Effects on officers’ burnout and perceived organizational support. Police quarterly, 22(1), 5-30.Armstrong, C. L., & Mahone, J. (2017). “It’s on us.” The role of social media and rape culture in individual willingness to mobilize against sexual assault. Mass Communication and Society, 20(1), 92-115. Byrne, J. & Marx, G (2011). Technological Innovations in Crime Prevention and Policing. A Review of the Research on Implementation and Impact. Cahiers Politiestudies Jaargang, 20 p. 17-40 Ghaemi, S. N. (2020). Digital depression: a new disease of the millennium? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(4), 356–361. Retrieved from  https://doi-org.libserv prd.bridgew.edu/10.1111/acps.13151 Haber, E. (2020). The Digital Samaritans. Washington & Lee Law Review, 77(4), 1559–164 Serani, D. (2008). If It Bleeds, It Leads: The Clinical Implications of Fear-Based Programming in News Media. Psychoanalysis & Psychotherapy, 24(4), 240–250. Retrieved from https://doi-org.libserv-prd.bridgew.edu/10.3200/PSYC.24.4.240-25 Shi, L., Roche, S. P., & McKenna, R. M. (2019). Media consumption and crime trend perceptions: a longitudinal analysis. Deviant Behavior, 40(12), 1480–1492. Retrieved from  https://doi-org.libserv-prd.bridgew.edu/10.1080/01639625.2018.1519129  
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Based on this week’s readings and media material, what is your definition of culture and how does it connect, cause, and or influence crime? Reading for this week Readings (in reading material folder) Tunick M. ‘Can culture excuse crime?’: Evaluating the inability thesis. Punishment & Society. 2004; 6 (4):395-409. doi:10.1177/1462474504046120   Hayward, K. J. (2016). Cultural criminology: Script rewrites. Theoretical Criminology, 20(3), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480615619668   Riggio, C. R. (2021). Defining the American Dream: A Generational Comparison. Modern Psychological Studies, 27(1), 1–21. What Do Europeans Think About American Life? | NYT Opinion Watch Video What Do Europeans Think About American Life? | NYT Opinion Duration: 4:36User: n/a – Added: 10/28/19   How Culture Drives Behaviours | Julien S. Bourrelle | TEDxTrondheim Watch Video How Culture Drives Behaviours | Julien S. Bourrelle | TEDxTrondheim Duration: 12:08User: n/a – Added: 7/10/15   The Secret Life of Social Norms | Michele Gelfand, PhD | TEDxPaloAltoSalon Watch Video The Secret Life of Social Norms | Michele Gelfand, PhD | TEDxPaloAltoSalon Duration: 17:45User: n/a – Added: 11/30/18   The Cultural Iceberg Watch Video The Cultural Iceberg Duration: 12:35User: n/a – Added: 3/14/18   Deviance Lecture Watch Video Deviance Lecture Duration: 82:58User: n/a – Added: 2/23/21   Cultural Theory Part 4 Video Watch Video Cultural Theory Part 4 Video Duration: 22:37User: n/a – Added: 9/24/20   Street Codes — Code of the Street, Elijah Anderson Watch Video Street Codes — Code of the Street, Elijah Anderson Duration: 6:26User: n/a – Added: 3/4/15   Watch Our Towns ((To Access you will need your BSU credentials)) Watch Our Towns ((To Access you will need your BSU credentials))