Parental Incarceration impact on young children Please see the attached file for more information on the topic and expected information that should be included. The attached outline should be complet
The I m pac t of Par en tal Incar cerat ion on You ng C hild ren T ab le t o U se t o C omple te you r 10 S tr at egi c P oints 1 0 2/2 4/2 021 T en S tr a te g ic P oin ts C om men ts o r F eed back B ro ad T opic A rea In t he pa st de cade , the pr is on popul ation i n the U nite d S ta te s ha s gr ow n by ove r 5.0% tha t t ra ns la te d t o a n incre ase i n t he num ber of chi ldr en w ith i ncarc era te d pa re nt s. H oweve r, t he re is a lack of offic ia l i nf ormation f rom gove rnm ent ent itie s or N GOs a ddr essing t his pr obl em ‘s e ffe ct. F urthe rm or e, t he re i s an e stim ation t hat a bout 4 to 6.5 m illion young c hildr en i n the Unite d S ta te s a lone are a ffe cte d by t his pr obl em . S inc e 2001, the w orld ha s e xpe rie nc ed a doubl e i nc re ase i n c hildr en adm itte d t o va rious cor re ctiona l f acilitie s. T his ha s m ade the m am ong t he popul ations at t he hi ghe st r is k i n the U .S. T he U .S. sta tis tic al w ebs ite a cknow le dge s t ha t a bout 21 m illion c hildr en know about the ir pa re nt s’ hi stor y w ith c rim ina l j us tic e (K je lls tr a nd, 2017) . Hidde n vi ctim s i s t he ot her na me us ed t o re fe r t o i nm ate c hi ldr en; thi s i s be caus e t he ir i nf ormation i s ra re ly s tudi ed ( Wilde man, 2018) . Furthe rm or e, di ffe re nt cor re ctiona l f acilitie s ha ve indi cate d t hat t he y obs erve m yria d adve rs e r eactions base d on t he sepa ra tion be tw een pa re nt s a nd chi ldr en. H oweve r, s om etim es c hi ldr en c an c ope with t his se pa ra tion, but others do not . Additiona lly , s olving t his pr obl em is not easy t o f ocus on; the de velopm ent al s ta ge s, ge nde r, a nd c ultur al di ffe re nc es. W hile c onduc ting t his re se arc h, i t’s not ed t hat pa re nt al i nc arc era tion i s pos itive ly r e la te d t o; econom ic s tr e ss, r estr uc tur ing of the fam ily w here c hi ldr en ha ve to be rais e d by one pare nt , gr andpa re nt s, or unde r f os te r c are . P are nt al i nc arc era tion a s de fine d by Turne y & Goods ell, ( 2018) is s im ply a situa tion i n which a pare nt , f athe r or mothe r, or bot h is s ent enc ed t o pr is on l eavi ng be hind a chi ld. B y child, it m eans any i ndividua l w ho ha s not yet a tta ine d t he age of 18 years . I n t he U nite d S ta te s, c ase s of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion ha ve been on t he ris e i n t he recent pa st. A ccor ding t o Case y, S hlafe r & M aste n ( 2015) , a r ese arc h by a com muni ty ba se d or ga nization by t he na me “ The A nni e E . C ase y F ounda tion” the num ber of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion ha s i nc re ase d by a w hoppi ng 500% sinc e t he 1980s . This r eve la tion pr ese nt s a ve ry w orryi ng s ta te of fam ily a ffa ir s m ore s o c ons ide ring t he fa ct t ha t pa re nt s a re t he bui ldi ng bl ocks of fam ilie s a nd by l arge e xt ent com muni tie s a nd t he count ry a t l arge . T he abs enc e of a pare nt the re for e i s l ike ly t o br ing a bout ins ta bi lity i n the soc ia l envi ronm ent as w ell a s t ir e c ons eque nces t o t he young 2 02/2 4/2 021 chi ldr en. T hese c ons eque nces r ange from psychol ogical t o phys ic al. L it R ev ie w a .B ackgr ound of the pr obl em /ga p: Y oung c hildr en l eft be hind do not only unde rgo phys ic al c ha lle nge s but als o ps ychol ogical cha lle nge s. A ccor ding t o Wake fie ld & Wilde man ( 2018) , the se c ha lle nge s c om e a bout as a resul t of the abs enc e of the pa re nt al figur e w ho i s ke y in c hild de velopm ent pa rtic ul arly dur ing t he early s ta ge s of de velopm ent . T he U S gove rnm ent ha s be en tr yi ng i ts l eve l be st t o e nsure t ha t c hi ldr en w ho a re l eft be hind as t he ir pa re nt s a re i nc arc era te d ge t a cha nce of be ing r ais e d i n a f am ily e nvi ronm ent . T his ha s be en m ade pos sibl e t hr ough ide ntif yi ng s uch c hildr en a nd pl acing t hem in c are hom es or fos te r hom es. E ven t hough t his m ove has be en s o de tr im ent al, it c annot be equa te d t o a n or igi na l f am ily s etting. W e of te n ove rlook c hildr en w ho ha ve to gr ow up w ithout the ir pa re nt s’ pr ese nc e; how eve r, s uc h c hildr en e nd up f acing di ffe re nt di ffic ul tie s t hr oughout the ir l if e tim es. A ccor ding t o (B illings , 2018) , about one of eve ry t hirty- thr ee c hi ldr en i n the U.S . ha ve the ir pa re nt s i m pr is one d for com mitting a crim ina l offe ns e. T his ha s be com e a com mon nor m for alm os t e ve ry c hi ld t oda y, w here t he num ber i s gr adua lly i ncre asing, l eadi ng to m ore c hi ldr en ha ving t o gr ow up w ithout the ir pa re nt s’ pr ese nc e. W hen a chi ld’ s pa re nt is i nc arc era te d, t heir f ina ncia l s our ces de cre ase gr adua lly; thi s i m plie s t ha t t he y w ill not get a de qua te r e sour ces t ha t w ere pr ovi ded by t heir pa re nt s. T hese c hi ldr en, espe cia lly boys , tend t o enga ge in c rim ina l a ctivi tie s s uc h a s the ft t o e arn m oney. R em em be r t ha t boys tend t o ge t a ffe cte d by s tr e ssful cha nge s c om pare d t o gi rls . T his w ill a ls o a ffe ct t he boy’ s r eaction t o incarc era tion, l eadi ng t o enga ging i n crim ina l activi tie s. ( Sandi fe r, 2017) . Grow ing up w ithout tw o or one pare nt s ha s a dve rs e e ffe cts on the ki ds; how eve r, w e ha ve to unde rs ta nd t hat t he re a re di ffe re nt effe cts of pa te rna l a nd m ate rna l i nc arc era tions . Morga n-M ulla ne (2018) Ide ntif ie d t hat kids coul d easily l ive w ith t heir m othe rs w hen t heir f athe rs a re inc arc era te d. S till, t he y f ind i t di ffic ul t t o l ive w ith t heir f athe rs in i nsta nc es w here t he ir m othe rs a re i nc arc era te d. H oweve r, t he pr obl em is t ha t w hen t he fathe r i s i nc arc era te d, t here a re fina ncia l pr obl em s i n t he fam ily s inc e t he m othe r be com es t he br eadw inne r. A dditiona lly , t his l eads to t he fam ily be ing uns ta bl e e conom ic ally , i nc re ase d pove rty a nd hom ele ssne ss. F ur the rm or e, m ate rna l i nc arc era tion i s a ls o a not her pr obl em 3 02/2 4/2 021 w he re c hi ldr en m ay not live com for ta bl y w ithout thos e w ho gave bi rth t o them. b. T heoretic al F ounda tion: Deve lopm ent al t he ory a nd re silie nc e t he ory w ill be the de sign a s t he the oretic al fra m ew or ks for thi s s tudy . c. R evi ew of Lite ra tur e: P are nt al i nc arc era tion de le ga te s t o pa re nt s’ a rre sting, w hich l eads to m any c hildr en i ssue s due to the sepa ra tion c re ate d w hen t heir pa re nt s a re c onf ine d i n jails or pr is on. G ene ra lly , t his i ssue gr eatly i mpa cts f am ily l if e he nce caus ing a serie s of the va rious sibl ings ‘ pr obl em s. T o s om e le ve l, ba bies w hos e pa re nt s a re i nc arc era te d a re di sc rim ina te d aga ins t ( M artin, 2017) . Howeve r, t his e ssa y a im s t o di sc us s t he im pa ct of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on young c hildr en. W hen w e c ons ide r m ost publ ic ations on l ite ra tur e r evi ew , va rious gaps ha ve be en l eft r ega rdi ng how a chi ld’ s w ell- be ing c an be restor ed de spi te pa te rna l i nc arc era tion. T his ha s m ade m e de velop a probl em sta te m ent on how chi ldr en c ont aini ng thi s c ha lle nge can be helpe d. T he pr obl em sta te m ent de sc ribe s se ve ra l a ctivi tie s t ha t c an be done to he lp t he chi ldr en w ho have enc ount ere d pa te rna l i nc arc era tion ( Wilde man e t a l. , 2018 ) . d. S ummary: T o unde rs ta nd t he im pa cts c hi ldr en f ace w hen the ir pa re nt s a re i nc arc era te d, w e m ust di stingui sh be tw een t he shor t a nd l ong- te rm effe cts . W e a ls o ha ve to unde rs ta nd w he the r, be for e t he inc arc era tion, t he ki d us ed t o live w ith bot h pare nt s a nd onl y one of the m. I n t he pa st f ew ye ars , t he U S ha s expe rie nc ed a n incre ase i n s ingl e m othe rs w ho a ct a s care gi ve rs a nd s ole pr ovi ders c om pare d t o de cre asing s ingl e fa the rs . T his i m plie s t ha t t he effe cts of an i ncarc era te d f athe r are l ess a dve rs e c om pare d t o w hen t he m othe r i s i nc arc era te d. P ro ble m S ta te m en t It i s e vi de nt tha t pa re nt al i nc arc era tion i s a pe rtine nt issue in t he Unite d S ta te s. T his i s due to t he fact t ha t s ta tis tic s on s uch inc arc era tion i ndicate s t ha t t he num ber of pa re nt s be ing put to pr is on i s s te adi ly i ncre asing. H avi ng t his f act t he re for e, i t i s im por ta nt to l ook t hrough t he effe cts of suc h i ncarc era tions e spe cia lly t o the young one s w ho a re l eft be hind w hen t heir pa re nt s a re i nc arc era te d. T his s tudy t here for e s tr ive s t o l ook a t the cons eque ntia l i m pa cts br ought about by pa re nt al inc arc era tions to young c hildr en. W hen one is i nc arc era te d, t hey t end t o be stigm atiz ed by soc ie ty due to t he crim ina l be havior the y e nga ge in. W hen 4 02/2 4/2 021 pa re nt s a re i nc arc era te d; chi ldr en t end t o be aw are of the stigm a, w hich l eads to a feeling of being a sha med a nd r eje cte d by s ocie ty . S om etim es, m em be rs of the fam ily a ls o i sol ate the mse lve s f rom suc h c hildr en. T his l eads to w ithdr aw al sym ptom s f rom the chi ldr en a s a de fe ns e. T hese c hi ldr en t end to bl am e t he mse lve s f or the crim ina l a ctivi tie s of the ir pa re nt s and a re e goc ent ric . T his m ay l ead t o irre ve rs ibl e ps ychol ogical pr obl em s f or the ki ds. A ccor ding t o M ins on ( 2019) when chi ldr en a re pr ese nt dur ing t heir pa re nt ‘s a rre st, t he y de velop P T SD , s tr e ss, de pression a nd ot her m ent al a ilm ent s. E spe cia lly boys who a re a t a hi ghe r r is k of becom ing a nti- s oc ia l a nd bul lie s. R ese a rch Q uestio ns R 1: H ow are c hi ldr en i mpa cte d by pa re nt al inc arc era tion? R 2: W hat a re t he im pa cts of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on a c hi ld’ s e duc ationa l be havior s? R 3: W hat a re t he im pa cts of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on the chi ld’ s m ent al be havior s? R 4: W hat a re t he im pa cts of pa re nt al be havior on a chi ld’ s s oc ia l be havior s? S am ple a . L oc ation: The city of New O rle ans in L ouisia na , U SA . b. Targe t P opul ation: W illing pa rtic ipa nts w ho f it t he crite ria t o be int ervi ew ed f or the de sc ribe d t opi c. T he ta rge t popul ation w ill be not if ie d t hrough f lye rs a ski ng for w illing pa rtic ipa nts ove r t he 18 t hat e xpe rie nc ed pa re nt al i nc arc era tion a s a young c hild. c . S am ple: 33 pa rtic ipa nts ove r t he age of 18 w ill be s e le cte d ba se d on t he inf ormation r eceive d t hrough sur ve ying. P artic ipa nts m ust ha ve expe rie nc ed pa re nt al inc arc era tion f rom eithe r one or bot h pa re nt s. D esc rib e P hen om en a (q ualita tiv e) o r D efin e V aria ble s/H y poth ese s (q uantita tiv e) a . C om prehe ndi ng t he im pa ct of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on young c hildr en c an c om bat t he cons eque nces of the m ent al a nd s ocia l i m pa cts i de ntif ie d w ith t his pr obl em . b. Thi s qua lita tive phe nom enol ogical s tudy i llus tr a te s t he im pa cts of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on young c hildr en thr ough f indi ngs col le cte d f rom int ervi ew ing 33 a dults . c . T he pur pose of thi s qua lita tive study i s t o e xamine the im pa ct of pa re nt al i nc arc era tion on young c hildr en educ ationa lly , m ent ally , a nd s ocia lly by e xamini ng 5 02/2 4/2 021 adul ts w ho e xperie nc ed one pare nt or bot h pa re nt s inc arc era te d dur ing t heir a dol esc enc e. M eth odolo gy & D esig n a. R ese arc h on t he topi c “ The Im pa ct of Pare nt al Inc arc era tion on Y oung Childr en” w ill e m ploy a qua lita tive rese arc h de sign. b. T hi s phe nom enol ogical de sign i s a qua lita tive rese arc h pr otoc ol tha t w ill t ake the for m of caus al- c om para tive de sign a nd this i s be caus e t he aim of thi s s tudy i s t o expl ore t he cons eque nces t ha t a ris e f rom pare nt al inc arc era tion t o young c hildr en. P urp ose S ta te m en t T he pur pose of thi s qua lita tive study i s t o e xamine the educ ationa l, m ent al, a nd s ocia l i m pa cts of pa re nt al inc arc era tion on young c hildr en i n e ffor t t o f ill t he ga ps in re se arc h a nd de te rm ine the pr obl em s a ssoc ia te d w ith pa re nt al inc arc era tion. D ata C olle ctio n A ppro ach a . T o unde rs ta nd t he im pa cts c hi ldr en f ace w hen t heir pa re nt s a re i nc arc era te d, t he rese arc he r w ill c onduc t se le ctive sam pling. b. P artic ipa nts m ust ha ve expe rie nc ed pa re nt al inc arc era tion f rom eithe r one or bot h pa re nt s a nd be 18 years or older. c . T he rese arc he r w ill t ake not es w hile c onduc ting t he sc he dul ed i ntervi ew s w hich w ill be recor de d. d. The int ervi ew w ill be a one on one meeting he ld i n a publ ic pl ace t ha t ha s pr iva te s ections suc h a s t he loc al libr ary . e. P artic ipa nts w ill be given on a vera ge a hour to t wo hour s of active int ervi ew ing. I f m ore t im e i s ne ede d f or the be nefit of the study t he int ervi ew w ill l ast l onge r. f . A fte r t he int ervi ew s t he rese arc he r w ill be gin t he exa mina tion of data . g. P artic ia pna t i de ntity w ill be protecte d. D ata A naly sis A ppro ach a . Evid en ce w ill b e i n -d ep th v a lid i n fo rm a on. b. D ata w ill c o nsis t o f t h e i n str u m en ta l a p pro ach w hile c o m parin g a n d c o ntra s ng p re vio us d ata . 6 02/2 4/2 021 c. E a ch i n te rv ie w w ill b e r e co rd ed a n d n o te s w ill b e t a ke n t o e n su re a ccu ra cy. d . D ata w ill b e d ep en dab le , c o nfi rm ab le , a n d o rg a n iz e d th ere fo re fi ndin gs a re c o nsis te n t. e . D ata w ill e xp erie n ce c o din g a n d t h eo ris in g. f. I n te rv ie w s w ill b e r e co rd ed t o e lim in ate b ia s p ra c ce s. Refe re nc es C ase y, E . C ., S hlafe r, R . J., & Maste n, A . S. (2015) . Pare nt al i nc arc era tion a s a ris k f actor for chi ldr en i n hom ele ss f am ilie s. F am ily r elat ions , 64 (4) , 490- 504. Cur tis , E ., C omis ke y, C ., & Dem ps ey, O . (2016) . Impor ta nc e a nd U se of Corre la tiona l R ese arc h. N ur se R ese arc he r, 23( 6), 20- 25. Kje lls tr a nd, J . (2017) . Buildi ng a tailor ed, m ultile ve l pr eve ntion s tr a te gy t o suppor t c hi ldr en a nd fa m ilie s a ffe cte d by pa re nt al i nc arc era tion. Sm ith C olle ge St udi es i n Soc ial W ork , 87 (1) , 112- 129. Lew is , S . (2015) . Qualita tive inqui ry a nd r ese arc h de sign: Choos ing a mong f ive appr oache s. H eal th pr omotion pr actic e , 16 (4) , 473- 475. Martin, E . (2017) . Hidde n cons eque nces: T he im pa ct of inc arc era tion on de pende nt chi ldr en. N at ional Ins titut e of Jus tic e J our nal , 278 , 1- 7. Morga n-M ulla ne , A . (2018) . Tra um a f oc used c ogni tive be havior al t he ra py w ith c hildr en of inc arc era te d pa re nt s. C lini cal soc ial w ork j our nal , 46 (3) , 200- 209. Mins on, S . (2019) . Dir e ct ha rm s a nd s ocia l c ons eque nces: A n a nalys is of the im pa ct of mate rna l im pr is onm ent on de pende nt chi ldr en i n E ngland a nd W ale s. C rim inol ogy & Crim inal J us tic e , 19 (5) , 519- 536. 7 02/2 4/2 021 Sandi fe r, J . L . (2017) . Impa ct of mate rna l i nc arc era tion on c hildr en. T he Enc yclope dia of Cor re ctions , 1-6. Tur ne y, K ., & Goods ell, R . (2018) . Pare nt al i nc arc era tion a nd childr en’ s w ellbe ing. T he Futur e of C hi ldr en , 28 (1) , 147- 164. Wagne r, P ., & Rabuy , B. (2017) . Mass i nc arc era tion: The w hol e pi e 2017. P ris on P olic y I ni tiat iv e , 119 , 1- 23. Wake fie ld, S ., & Wilde man, C . (2018) . How pare nt al i nc arc era tion ha rm s c hi ldr en a nd w hat t o do about it. N at ional Counc il on F amily R elat ions , 3 (1) , 1- 6. Zeng, Z . (2018) . Jail i nm ate s i n 2016. N CJ , 251210 . 8 0 2/2 4/2 021