Part I:Short Answer :Respond to four (4) of the following items.Be as brief as possible — complete sentences are not necessary.

• Identify historical reasons why tradespersons and artisans have sometimes been considered to be second class citizens.
• Provide examples of instances when concern for the “common” person surfaced.
• Recognize historical efforts that contributed to experiential learning.
• Describe some characteristics of apprenticeship in colonial America.
• Identify factors that contributed to the decline of the apprenticeship system.
• Explain the significance of the Smith-Hughes Act (1917).

Part II: Problematics :Select one (1) of the following statements and evaluate its respective components for accuracy.Be sure to address each sentence and provide support for your position.

• Historically, most U. S. citizens have perceived academic and vocational education as separate approaches to learning.In contemporary society, most U. S. citizens perceive academic and vocational education dualistically.
• In the early 20th century children studied material of ambiguous value and were dulled by the repetitiveness of recitation and drill (excessive “bookishness” and abstract intellectualism).In the early 21st century children are studying material of ambiguous value and are dulled by the repetitiveness of recitation and drill.

Part III:Quotes: :React to two (2) of the following quotes and evaluate the extent to which you believe they are sound philosophically. Limit your reaction and evaluation to no more than one paragraph comprised of no more than five or six sentences.

“An excellent plumber is infinitely more admirable than an incompetent philosopher. The society which scorns excellence in plumbing because plumbing is a humble activity and tolerates shoddiness in philosophy because it is an exalted activity will have neither good plumbing nor good philosophy. Neither its pipes nor its theories will hold water” (Gardner, 1961).

“Gardening, for example, need not be taught either for the sake of preparing future gardeners, or as an agreeable way of passing time.It affords an avenue of approach to knowledge of the place farming and horticulture have had in the history of the race and which they occupy in present social organization.Carried on in an environment educationally controlled, they are a means for making a study of the facts of growth, the chemistry of the soil, the role of light, air, moisture, injurious and helpful animal life, etc.” (Dewey, 1916).

Part IV. Essay :Choose one (1) of the following items to respond to. Do not exceed writing more than one page for your essay (single space, 12 point font)

• Compare and contrast traditional apprenticeship with new forms of work-based learning and evaluate the extent to which it can help solve economic, educational, and social problems.
• Evaluate the perspectives of NAM, NEA, AFL, NSPIE, & social reformers concerning vocational education.